Harvard

Harvard is one of the most widely used citation styles particularly in the social sciences and humanities. The basic format uses the author's last name and publication year separated by a comma. It includes a reference list at the end of the paper.

Want to check your citations automatically? Run your paper through Formatr and download your free error report.

In-text citation examples

  • Single author (Harper, 2026)
  • Two authors (Robertson and Shaw, 2026) or Robertson and Shaw (2026) found that...
  • Three authors (James, Shaw, and Lin, 2026) or James, Shaw, and Lin (2026) found that…
  • Four or more authors Roberts et al., 2024) or Roberts et al. (2024) found that...
  • Page numbers (Hayes, 2026, p. 22) or (Hayes, 2026, pp. 22-30)
  • Citing secondary sources (2010, cited in Lin, 2026, p.18)
  • No clear publication date, use "no date" (Smith, no date)
Harvard Reference List Basics

Some general rules are the author's last names are presented first followed by the first name initial, your list should be in alphabetical order (A-Z), use double spacing, use hanging indentations on the second line of a source, capitalize the first letter of each word in the Academic Journal's name.

harvard-guides
Most Common Reference Examples

Journal articles (Online)

Author, A., and Author, B. (publication year). 'Title of the article' Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), pages. Available at: https://formatrexample.com/full/url/ (Accessed: Day Month Year).

Books

Author, A., Author, B. and Author, C. (publication year) Title of the work. Edition. City: Publisher.

Webpage

Author, A. (publication year) Title of the webpage. Available at:
https://formatrexample.com/full/url/ (Accessed: Day Month Year).

Powerpoints

Author, A. (presentation year). 'Title of the presentation' [Lecture]. Course Code: Course title. University/Venue. Day Month.

Common Harvard mistakes
  • Missing author or publication date
  • Incorrect order of author’s names
  • Missing punctuation
  • Missing accessed date
  • Incorrect references list title
  • Inconsistent line spacing

Formatr automatically flags these errors in your reference list.

Checklist

Before submitting your paper, review our academic paper submission checklist

  • Check in-text citations
  • Match citations to references
  • Verify punctuation and italics
  • Ensure consistent author formatting